Sexually Transmitted Infections
First At-home Syphilis Antibody Test Gets FDA Authorization As STD ...
NEWYou can now listen to Fox News articles!
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has granted marketing authorization for the first at-home syphilis test.
The over-the-counter First To Know Syphilis Test, made by NOWDiagnostics in Arkansas, detects antibodies for Treponema pallidum (syphilis), according to a press release.
The test, which does not require a prescription, takes about 15 minutes to administer using only a drop of blood — "like a finger prick," the company said.
AS SYPHILIS CASES SURGE IN THE US, HERE'S WHAT INFECTIOUS DISEASE EXPERTS WANT YOU TO KNOW
Results will be positive for those experiencing a current syphilis infection — as well as for those who have been previously diagnosed, even if they were successfully treated.
The test results are not sufficient to diagnose syphilis alone, however, and should be followed by additional testing from a provider to confirm the diagnosis, according to the FDA.
The First To Know Syphilis Test, pictured here, uses a blood sample to detect the infection. (NOWDx)
A clinical study of 1,270 people found the product "easy to use," a press release from NOWDiagnostics noted.
The study results showed that the test correctly identified 99.5% of negative results and 93.4% of positive diagnoses.
TEXAS CITY REPORTS SYPHILIS OUTBREAK AMID 'LIMITED SUPPLY' OF PENICILLIN DRUG
"With FDA authorization now granted, we are proud to offer the first test of its kind that provides highly accurate results in just minutes, using a single drop of blood and without the need for a buffer," NOWDiagnostics CEO Rob Weigle told Fox News Digital via email.
"This breakthrough in diagnostic testing empowers individuals to take control of their health from the privacy of their own home, playing a critical role in early detection and treatment, and ultimately helping to slow the spread of syphilis and protect public health."
"This is a great advance and has been vetted for accuracy," one doctor commented. (NOWDx)
Fox News medical contributor Dr. Nicole Saphier said she considers at-home tests to be "great," as they often lead to more people being tested who would not otherwise visit the doctor.
"Anything that increases access to health information while also being cost-effective is a positive step in the right direction," the New York-based doctor told Fox News Digital.
Efforts to stop the surgeThere has been a major rise in syphilis cases in the U.S. Over the last few years.
Cases spiked by 80% between 2018 and 2022, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
SYPHILIS CASES SURGE IN THE US, REACHING LEVELS UNSEEN SINCE 1950
In 2022, more than 3,700 cases of congenital syphilis were reported among newborns, the agency stated.
Earlier this year, the Department of Health and Human Services established the National Syphilis and Congenital Syphilis Syndemic (NSCSS) Federal Task Force to help combat the surging numbers.
Study results showed that the test correctly identified 99.5% of negative results and 93.4% of positive diagnoses. (iStock; NOWDx)
In addition to the task force, the FDA assured that the authorization of this new at-home test will help to "reverse the recent dramatic rise of STIs in the United States."
"If left untreated, syphilis can seriously damage the heart and brain and can cause blindness, deafness and paralysis," the FDA wrote in the press release.
HAWAII HEALTH OFFICIALS CALL FOR ACTION AS SYPHILIS CASES RISE
"When transmitted during pregnancy, it can cause miscarriage, lifelong medical issues and infant death."
Fox News senior medical analyst Dr. Marc Siegel told Fox News Digital that these advancements could also play into the CDC's new program, DOXY PEP, which aims to prevent "post-exposure prophylaxis with doxycycline for chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis."
"When transmitted during pregnancy, [syphilis] can cause miscarriage, lifelong medical issues and infant death."
The program has been shown to "markedly decrease clinical infection," said New York-based Siegel.
Siegel called the new syphilis test "especially important," as "the earlier syphilis exposure/diagnosis is made the better."
The authorization of the new at-home test will help to "reverse the recent dramatic rise of STIs in the United States," the FDA stated. (iStock)
Michelle Tarver, M.D., PhD, acting director of the FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health, wrote in a statement that advancements in tests for STIs can "give patients more information about their health from the privacy of their own home."
"Access to home tests may help increase initial screening for syphilis, including in individuals who may be reluctant to see their health care provider about possible sexually transmitted infection exposure," she said.
HOUSTON HEALTH OFFICIALS REPORT SYPHILIS OUTBREAK, 128% SPIKE IN CASES AMONG WOMEN
This can lead to increased lab testing to confirm the diagnosis, Tarver added, which can increase treatment and help curb the spread.
The FDA confirmed that false negative results may occur, which can cause delays in treatment and further spread of the infection. (iStock)
Saphier added that as syphilis cases rise, it's "disappointing to see so many advanced cases of a disease that is otherwise treatable."
"While prevention is always the best method, early detection and treatment intervention are essential to not only result in the best health outcome, but also decrease the overall cost burden on society — because advanced disease and disability are expensive," she said.
Potential limitationsSaphier shared some concerns about using at-home tests in detecting illness, as they are "often lower in accuracy than standardized laboratory testing."
CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP FOR OUR HEALTH NEWSLETTER
"This may result in false negative results and a person who otherwise may require treatment not seeking it," she said.
"If someone is [at] high risk for syphilis exposure or having symptoms, they should skip the at-home testing and speak to their doctor."
For more Health articles, visit www.Foxnews.Com/health
The FDA confirmed that false negative results may occur, which could cause delays in treatment.
Congenital syphilis symptoms include sores and rashes on the skin, fever, jaundice, sneezing or runny nose and swollen spleen and liver, according to Mayo Clinic. (iStock)
"Results of the test alone should not be used to start, stop or change any treatments without a health care provider," the FDA wrote in the press release.
"If someone is [at] high risk for syphilis exposure or having symptoms, they should skip the at-home testing and speak to their doctor."
"In addition, individuals using this test who may have been recently exposed to syphilis should seek care from a health care provider for treatment and evaluation regardless of this test's results."
CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP
Congenital syphilis symptoms include sores and rashes on the skin, fever, jaundice, sneezing or runny nose, and swollen spleen and liver, according to Mayo Clinic's website.
If left untreated, later symptoms can include hearing loss, dental problems and "saddle nose," a condition in which the bridge of the nose collapses.
Angelica Stabile is a lifestyle reporter for Fox News Digital.
Best At-home Syphilis Tests Of 2025, According To Health Experts
After years of alarming increases in rates of syphilis and congenital syphilis in the U.S., with cases jumping by 80% between 2018 and 2022, there's some good news on the syphilis front: As of 2023, rates of primary and secondary syphilis have declined for the first time in more than two decades, down 10% overall, with rates of all syphilis increasing by just 1% — significantly less than in previous years. Congenital syphilis — when a mother passes syphilis to her baby during pregnancy — has also slowed, with just a 3% increase from 2022 to 2023 — significantly less than the 30% increases seen in prior year-over-year data.
But just because rates of syphilis are falling doesn't mean you should take a breather from monitoring your sexual health. Syphilis often goes undetected, with mild or even nonexistent symptoms. That's why registered nurse Lauren Thayer says "it's important to get tested if you suspect you may have an infection." Plus, syphilis doesn't discriminate when it comes to age. The highest number of new cases is reported in people between the ages of 20 and 34, but Dr. Alyssa Dweck, chief medical officer at Bonafide Health, says she's seen a surge of cases among perimenopausal and menopausal women. "Many women are engaging with new partners due to divorce or being widowed," she says, noting that since pregnancy is less of a concern in this demographic, they may forgo the use of condoms, increasing the risk of transmission.
If going to your doctor or a clinic to discuss concerns about possible exposure to a sexually transmitted disease (STD) or sexually transmitted infection (STI) is uncomfortable, one good (and private) way to screen yourself is with an at-home syphilis test. "Remote testing is great," says Barbara Van Der Pol, director of the UAB STD Diagnostics Laboratory, but she emphasizes that it's important to do your research. "There are some bad actors preying on consumers."
To help you find the best at-home syphilis test for your needs, our team consulted with a panel of sexual health doctors and medical experts to better understand what to look for and what to avoid. We considered 15 tests from reputable companies and rated each based on ease of use, accuracy, whether the test was fully in-home or required a trip to the lab, price and whether medical consultations with treatment plans were available. Here, we've highlighted our top four options for a range of needs, but if you're interested in testing for additional sexually transmitted infections, consider our picks for best at-home STD tests and best at-home herpes tests.
Table of contentsUpdate, June 26, 2025: We checked all product prices and availability. Our No. 1 pick for the best at-home syphilis test remains unchanged.
Best at-home test for syphilis overallEverlywell
Tests for: SyphilisTime until results: 3-5 days after lab receiptTest collection method: Finger prickDoctor consultation available: Yes, for positive resultsAccepts insurance: NoFSA/HSA eligible: Yes
Everlywell — featured on Shark Tank in 2017 — has become a dominant force in the at-home-test market. The company offers affordable and accessible laboratory testing for various areas of health and wellness, including cardiovascular, endocrine, immune and sexual health. In fact, there are 10 STI and STD tests available, ranging from a full-panel STD test ($253) that screens for a combination of chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis C, HIV and trichomoniasis to at-home tests designed to screen for only one STD or STI, such as syphilis, HIV or hepatitis C.
Everlywell's syphilis test is a treponemal test, which means it detects antibodies to Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. Since these antibodies are produced only in response to a syphilis infection, this type of test — also known as a confirmatory test — is extremely reliable. It's also incredibly convenient. Everlywell tests come with clear instructions — written and video tutorials — and extra lancets in case you need them. Once the test arrives, you collect a small sample of blood with the enclosed lancet and vial, and mail the sample to a lab using the prepaid shipping materials included with the test kit. The sample is analyzed at a CLIA-certified lab, and within three to five days of lab receipt, your test results will be delivered electronically via a private portal. If your results are positive, there's a free physician consultation included with the purchase of the test to discuss next steps and treatment plans.
Pros(back to top)
Other top at-home tests for syphilis we like for 2025Nurx
Tests for: Syphilis, HIV, chlamydia and gonorrheaTime until results: 7 business days after lab receiptTest collection method: Finger prick and urine sampleDoctor consultation available: YesAccepts insurance: YesFSA/HSA eligible: Yes
In general, the majority of at-home-test companies do not accept insurance. Nurx is the exception. While the sign-up process is easy, prior to ordering your test you must have a medical consultation with a Nurx provider — a $30 out-of-pocket expense. However, this fee also includes a year of unlimited messaging with the medical team about your test or results.
After you order the test, the kit arrives in a discreet package with everything you need for sample collection and mailing to Nurx's CLIA-certified lab. Once the sample is received, a medical provider will contact you within seven business days to review your results and prescribe medication if needed. It's really that simple!
There are three STD tests available that screen for syphilis in addition to other STIs, all of which may be free with insurance coverage:
Basics Covered Kit — As low as $0 with insurance; $150 without insurance — screens for syphilis, HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhea.
Healthy V Kit — As low as $0 with insurance; $190 out of pocket — screens for syphilis, throat chlamydia, throat gonorrhea, HIV and trichomoniasis.
Full Control Kit — As low as $0 with insurance; $220 out of pocket — screens for syphilis; HIV; genital, throat and rectal chlamydia; genital, throat and rectal gonorrhea; and hepatitis C.
Pros
STDcheck.Com
Tests for: SyphilisTime until results: 1-2 daysTest collection method: Blood sampleDoctor consultation available: Yes, for positive resultsAccepts insurance: NoFSA/HSA eligible: Yes
Unlike the other options on our list, with STDcheck.Com, sample collection isn't done at home but rather in person at an affiliated local lab. After ordering your test online, you'll schedule an appointment to visit one of the 4,500 testing centers available nationwide. There, a professional collects the sample for you. While it's not quite as convenient as at-home-collection test kits, this may be a better option if you're uncomfortable drawing the blood sample or are concerned about making a mistake.
The real benefit comes with turnaround time. Results are ready in just one to two days since you don't have to consider mailing or processing delays. Even better, if you can find a lab in your area offering same-day appointments, you may be able to get your results in 24 hours.
If the test results are positive, you can schedule a free virtual doctor consultation to discuss your treatment options.
STDcheck.Com offers an individual syphilis test ($49) and a 10-panel test that screens for syphilis along with HIV (types 1 and 2), herpes (types 1 and 2), hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, chlamydia and gonorrhea ($139).
ProsHealthLabs.Com
Tests for: SyphilisTime until results: 1-3 daysTest collection method: Blood sampleDoctor consultation available: Yes, $95 fee for positive resultsAccepts insurance: NoFSA/HSA eligible: Yes
HealthLabs.Com offers an extensive list of at-home and in-lab tests, with the majority being budget-friendly with fast, accurate options — all the things you want in an STI test for syphilis. The syphilis test is a rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test that searches for antibodies found in cells damaged by the syphilis infection.
You start by ordering your test online, then you make an appointment at one of the affiliated labs for a day and time that's convenient for you — you may even be able to make a same-day appointment. If your test is positive, you can pay an additional $95 for a virtual doctor consultation to discuss and obtain treatment.
Something we really like about HealthLabs.Com is that it offers a 110% price guarantee. If you find a test from another company at a lower price, HealthLabs will match it and give you an additional 10% discount. You can also use your FSA or HSA funds to pay for the test.
Pros(back to top)
Factors to consider when choosing an at-home test for syphilisWhen buying an at-home syphilis test, there are several important factors to take into account.
Lab validation: Make sure that the test is analyzed by a reputable lab — one that's CLIA-certified and/or CAP-accredited. These third-party organizations ensure that labs follow the proper protocols and safety standards for testing.
STI tests offered: Some companies offer individual syphilis tests, while others only offer STD panels that test for multiple STDs and STIs including syphilis. If you're unsure whether you've been exposed to more than just syphilis, it's likely in your best interest to spring for a full-panel test to cover all the bases.
Collection method: Some test kits allow you to collect a sample at home, while others require an in-person visit to a testing center. Make sure you choose the option you are most comfortable with.
Time for results: Test results take anywhere from one day to a full week. If you plan to get tested regularly, you might not mind waiting a little longer, but in some cases, you might want to know as soon as possible. Make sure you understand how the results will be delivered — email, phone call, private portal or app — and in what time frame.
Cost: Depending on the company and STIs being tested for, at-home tests can cost between $50 and $250. It's also important to note that some companies offer subscription options, accept insurance or allow FSA/HSA payments, all of which can lower the price.
Follow-up care: Many at-home testing companies offer doctor consultations for positive results, along with options for obtaining treatment and prescriptions. These services are sometimes free with the test, but there may be an additional fee, so make sure you're aware of any extra fees associated with medical consultations and treatment plans.
(back to top)
How we choseTo find the best at-home syphilis tests on the market, our team first consulted four sexual health doctors and experts to learn what to look for in an STD test. We then looked at 15 tests and compared each based on a variety of factors including whether each test screened only for syphilis or was grouped in with a broader STD or STI panel; if CLIA-certified or CAP-accredited labs processed the results; accuracy; ease of ordering; collection method; time for results; follow-up support and cost.
(back to top)
FAQs What are the symptoms of syphilis?According to Thayer, syphilis often goes unnoticed. Some symptoms are mild or even nonexistent, which is why it's important to get tested if you suspect you may have an infection.
The most common initial symptom, though, is a small sore, called a chancre, on the genitals, rectum or mouth. Chancres are usually firm, round and painless.
"Because it's painless, people may not notice it or think it's a problem," says Dr. Yudara Kularathne, a consultant physician. However, he stresses that if it's not treated, it will progress and lead to more serious health problems. Some symptoms that may develop after the initial stage (after the chancre) include a rash on the palms and soles of the feet, fever, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, weight loss and patchy hair loss.
How is syphilis treated?While medical intervention is needed, syphilis is easy to treat as long as it's caught early. The antibiotic penicillin is the most common form of treatment for early intervention. When not caught early, there can be additional complications caused by the syphilis infection that will require a more intensive treatment plan. "Late-stage symptoms can also cause tumors, blindness and/or paralysis," says Thayer. "It can damage your brain, nervous system and other organs."
Can having syphilis affect pregnancy?Yes, syphilis can have a serious impact on women who are pregnant. "Untreated syphilis can be passed to the baby in the womb, leading to a condition called congenital syphilis," says Kularathne. Congenital syphilis can cause a host of health issues for the baby — including developmental delays, deformities, seizures, blindness, deafness and jaundice — and there is also an increased risk of stillbirth or miscarriage.
How long does it take for syphilis to show up on tests?Although it can be detected sooner, syphilis can take up to 12 weeks to show up on a blood test, says Thayer. However, after a chancre appears, the bacteria can be detected in one to two weeks.
Are at-home syphilis tests accurate?Syphilis tests that use reliable, accredited labs for analysis are generally very accurate. The biggest factor is how the sample is collected, so if you use a self-collected test kit, it's important to make sure you follow the directions carefully.
False positives and false negatives do occur, though, says Dweck, so she recommends confirmatory testing, particularly before treatment.
How do at-home syphilis tests work?At-home syphilis tests include a sample blood draw that is either done by you in the privacy of your home using materials included with your test kit, or done by scheduling an appointment with an affiliated lab that works directly with the company you purchased the test from.
It's actually very simple and follows the same testing practices used in a doctor's office. In fact, if you opt for an in-person local lab sample draw, it's possible that it will be the same lab your doctor uses, as many of the labs affiliated with at-home testing companies are with the two largest lab companies in the United States: Quest Diagnostics and Labcorp. The only real difference is the type of test — a confirmatory test, an RPR test or a venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test — all of which deliver highly accurate results.
(back to top)
Meet our expertsBarbara Van Der Pol, professor of medicine and public health at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and director of the UAB STD Diagnostics Laboratory
Lauren Thayer, registered nurse and health care writer at Healthcanal
(back to top)
Our health content is for informational purposes only and is not intended as professional medical advice. Consult a medical professional on questions about your health.
New At-Home Syphilis Test Has Potential To Save Lives And Money - AJMC
CDC data from 2021 show the lifetime cost of treating syphilis to be $1190.
Syphilis is a serious bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum,1 and one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the US.2-4 It is both treatable and curable, but there is potential for serious downstream health outcomes. These include a higher risk of acquiring HIV and other STIs (eg, gonorrhea and chlamydia), organ damage, miscarriage, infant death, and heart and blood vessel complications.1,3,5,6
There are 4 types of syphilis: primary syphilis, secondary syphilis, latent syphilis, and congenital syphilis (mother-to-baby transmission through the placenta).1 The infection is typically spread through sexual contact.
The lifetime cost to treat a syphilis infection is $1190, according to 2021 data from the CDC.7 However, such an amount is out of reach for many. That combined with the recent significant surge in cases of syphilis—they are now at a 70-year high, with a nearly 80% jump in syphilis overall and a 183% leap in congenital syphilis over the 4-year period from 2018 to 20228—make the recent FDA approval of an at-home test that much more timely.9,10
On Friday, August 16, the FDA authorized the First To Know Syphilis Test from NOWDiagnostics. With just a finger prick to draw a few drops of blood, the at-home test available over the counter is able to detect T pallidum within 15 minutes—no prescription needed. Positive results must be confirmed with a health care provider and to inform treatment.9,10
The lifetime cost of treating a syphilis infection is estimated to be $1190, but access to testing is inadequate and unequal, particularly among vulnerable populationsImage Credit: stock.Adobe.Com
At a price tag of $29.98, acquiring the test is achievable; however, health insurance coverage of the test is not always a guarantee,11 with such considerations as gender, risk factors, and pregnancy status having an impact on coverage of specific STI tests.12 Other tests for syphilis are approved, but only health care providers can do them.13
With the ability of a syphilis infection to go undetected for years, this new testing route also has potential to head off the downstream health care costs mentioned above and increase access to equitable care for STI testing.
In a news release announcing the authorization, Rob Weigle, CEO of NOWDiagnostics, said, "Testing is one of the most important tools we have in preventing the spread of sexually transmitted infections, and for the first time ever, consumers now have a fast and simple syphilis test that can be performed in the privacy of one's home, with a result in minutes."14
To boost uptake, the company hopes to collaborate with federal agencies, state health officials, local health officials, and major retailers to provide the test for free. There are also plans to reach more vulnerable populations—those affected by social determinants of health such as housing instability and lack of adequate health care—through social media and targeted advertising.9
The primary treatment for syphilis is penicillin, but one form of this antibiotic from Pfizer has been in short supply for well over a year. When first announced, the pharma giant had hoped to see an uptick in inventory by the second half of 2024,15 but this deadline has now been pushed back to the fourth quarter of this year.9
Experts attribute the surge in syphilis cases to 3 primary causes9:
The marketing authorization came down under the FDA's de novo premarket review pathway and incorporated data from a clinical study of 1270 individuals who found the test easy to use. In addition, this trial demonstrated a 99.5% accuracy rate when identifying blood specimens that were negative for syphilis and a 93.4% accuracy rate for specimens that were positive for syphilis compared with 3 FDA lab-based tests.
Market availability, online and in brick-and-mortar stores, is predicted to be as early as September.9
References
1. Syphilis. World Health Organization. May 21, 2024. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Who.Int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/syphilis#:~:text=Without%20treatment%2C%20the%20tertiary%20phase,syphilis%20can%20also%20cause%20death
2. Murtha J. 8 common STDs: what you need to know. Pfizer. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Pfizer.Com/news/articles/8_common_stds
3. Most common STDs for women and men. WebMD. March 3, 2024. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Webmd.Com/sexual-conditions/most-common-stds-men-women
4. National overview of STIs, 2022. CDC. Updated January 30, 2024. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Cdc.Gov/std/statistics/2022/overview.Htm
5. Nelson R. Syphilis rates soar in the USA amid penicillin shortage. Lancet. 2023;402(10401):515. Doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01665-3
6. Syphilis. Mayo Clinic. July 20, 2024. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Mayoclinic.Org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756
7. Chesson HW, Peterman TA. The estimated lifetime medical cost of syphilis in the United States. Sex Transm Dis. 2021;48(4):253-259. Doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001353
8. Sexually transmitted infections. CDC. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Cdc.Gov/std/statistics/2022/default.Htm#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20more%20than%202.5,from%20all%20STI%20prevention%20partners
9. Roubein R. FDA clears first at-home syphilis test amid surge in cases. Washington Post. August 16, 2024. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Washingtonpost.Com/health/2024/08/16/syphilis-test-at-home/
10. FDA marketing authorization enables increased access to first step of syphilis diagnosis. News release. FDA; August 16, 2024. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Fda.Gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-marketing-authorization-enables-increased-access-first-step-syphilis-diagnosis
11. Jordan E. STD testing without insurance. Exposed. September 27, 2022. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Stdcheck.Com/blog/std-testing-insurance/
12. Does health insurance cover sexual health services? Planned Parenthood. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Plannedparenthood.Org/get-care/health-insurance/about-health-insurance/does-health-insurance-cover-sexual-health-services#:~:text=Testing%20for%20certain%20STDs%20%E2%80%94%20like,and%20if%20you're%20pregnant
13. Considerations for the implementation of point of care tests for syphilis. HHS. June 2024. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Hhs.Gov/sites/default/files/nscss-considerations-for-the-implementation-of-syphilis-poc-tests.Pdf
14. NOWDiagnostics First To Know syphilis test receives FDA de novo marketing authorization for over-the-counter use. News release. NOWDiagnostics; August 16, 2024. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://nowdx.Com/blogs/news/nowdiagnostics-first-to-know%C2%AE-syphilis-test-receives-fda-de-novo-marketing-authorization-for-over-the-counter-use
15. Archie A. Pfizer warns of a looming penicillin supply shortage. NPR. June 16, 2023. Accessed August 19, 2024. Https://www.Npr.Org/2023/06/16/1182626821/pfizer-penicillin-shortage#:~:text=Health-,Pfizer%20is%20facing%20a%20penicillin%20shortage%20that%20may%20stretch%20into,rates%20of%20syphilis%20since%202000
Comments
Post a Comment